Law of international organisations Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Law of international organisations - Essay Example The idea of human rights receives formal universal recognition that the international community strives to maintain and enforce encoded through the United Nations Charter signed on June 26, 1945 with the main objective of saving generations of humans from war and reaffirms the faith in fundamental rights and freedoms. The main objective of the United Nations is to achieve international cooperation, through promoting and encouraging respect for human rights and the fundamental freedoms that accrue to them without the discrimination in terms of aspects such as sex, race, language or religion. It is important to note that the enforcement of these rights and freedoms can be undertaken through joint or separate actions by the member states. The provisions of the Articles of the United Nations Charter have the force of prudent international law as the charter is a treaty and binds to those nations that have ratified it. Therefore, state parties are required to fulfil the obligations and th e responsibilities enshrined in the Charter including the obligations to defend human privileges and the major liberties, the promotion of the observance of the civil liberties and the cooperation with the United Nations in attaining these inherent obligations. ... Since the Universal Declaration became international law there have been other conventions and treaties that create regional courts that also help in the enforcement of fundamental rights and freedoms. Due to the dramatic increase of human rights activities in the twentieth and twenty first century, there has been need to combine the monitoring of the human rights violations and matters concerning their enforcement. The establishment of the International Criminal Court formed a vital part of an emerging system of international human rights protection in that it is empowered to take legal action and castigate individuals liable for offenses against humankind. The growing international awareness of the need to protect human rights and guarantee freedoms has rejuvenated the need for upholding them. Yet, serious violation and deprivation of human rights and fundamental freedoms still exist that require a remedy in the shortest time possible. To remedy this situation, there have been regi onal courts with the jurisdiction to protect human rights and fundamental freedoms. However, these courts must strive and adhere to the already established norm that the supremacy of the United Nations Charter. In Britain, for example, the Human Rights Act of 1998 is an act of Parliament, whose main aim is to ensure that it gives further force the laws concerning human rights, contained in the European Convention and the United Nations Charter. It gives the courts in the United Kingdom the power to deal with those issues, which might cause the citizens of this country to go to the European Court of Human Rights. The act makes it illegal for all public bodies

Is the ICC dangerous to democracy and doomed to fail Essay

Is the ICC dangerous to democracy and doomed to fail - Essay Example One of the controversial issues, however, in regard to the existence of ICC is that it threatens democracy, the given reason why the United States withdrew its signature in the Rome Statute in December 2000. The United States is highly suspicious of multilateral agreements and that the mandate of the ICC further heightened this uncertainty. With the provisions contained therein, ICC would have jurisdiction over American citizens and try them according to the international law, drafted according to a collaboration of international legal principles. This is seen as dangerous because the American jurisprudence is at significant points highly divergent with the ICC’s. For instance, protections that are considered core requirements for a fair trial in the United States are greatly diluted or absent entirely. According to Carpenter (2002), instead of having a right to trial by an impartial jury, a defendant faces the prospect of trial by a panel of judges appointed by majority vote of member-states and could come from countries where there is no concept of independent jury or from a regime hostile to his or her government. (p. 197) In addition to the above factor, there is also the fact that some statutes that would govern the ICC are overly broad. Consider these examples: there is the genocide definition that covers offenses relating to the commission of serious â€Å"mental harm† to members of any national, racial, ethnic or religious group; then, war crimes would include committing outrages upon personal dignity, in particular humiliating or degrading treatment. (p. 197) With the seriousness of the crimes in question, it is a legitimate argument to say that the broadness of definitions and provisions may be wittingly or unwittingly interpreted differently than what was intended or taken advantage with. There is just a lot of room for a

Critical Analysis Essay Essay Example for Free

Critical Analysis Essay Essay The media throughout the world has been in the frontline in educating members of the public on important social issues ranging from politics, drugs, terrorism, and popular music to sports. The best of all is the fight against AIDS. AIDS is one of the diseases which is threatening the existence of humanity and therefore more initiatives are being developed to fight it. In addition to videos, movies, plays and advertisements in sports’ and entertainment channels, songs have been composed by some artistes to try and spread the message to among other people, the youth who are of high risk of contracting the disease. These songs are played in the AM and FM radio stations throughout the world (Emad, 2006). This paper will discuss the representation of AIDS in songs which are played in our radio stations. It will also analyze its representations through advertisement on various entertainment and sporting channels such as MTV and VH1. It will finally analyze the importance the songs and advertisement channels have on the eradicating the disease. Songs about AIDS Social marketers have been trying to have more people get informed on the basic of HIV/AIDS. See more: how to write a critical analysis outline Some of the countries have encouraged the use of such channels as MTV to spread the fight against the disease and where they have been successful, the prevalence rates have been low. In the recent past, more musicians have been dieing of AIDS and that is why some of their colleagues are trying to come up with songs to not only make their partners aware but also educate the public on the crisis. In the U. S, an organization- The Estate Project- which was launched some years back as an Aids awareness initiative is now getting popularly with it programs. The main mission of this organization, just like other radio stations is to compile the musical works of artistes who have died of the disease and inform the public. It also aims to preserve the cultural legacy of the crisis (Emad, 2006). In the U. S for example, many artistes have composed songs to promote programs intended to fight the scourge. Examples of these songs are; ‘HIV blues’ by Kerry Stevens from the album ‘out in the country’ and ‘positive’ by Spears Jay from the album ‘family values’. These and other songs contain messages on how to keep safe from the disease or remain health if you are infected. These songs especially those by well known artistes in the U. S and Europe can be very attractive to the youth. Likewise, the Federal government has also developed policies which require that all organizations including the media houses and musicians help it fight the pandemic. Some songs have specifically been composed to pass messages on the use of condoms. The condoms are considered one of the strategies that help in preventing people from having unsafe sex. The songs when played in the radio stationed will help pass information to the young people who may not have access to the information elsewhere. ‘Sauti ya America’ is one of the radio stations broadcasting from the U. S to many of the African countries and it uses its superiority and quality of transmission to educate the Africans on the seriousness of the crisis and it also tries to provide suggestions on how the youth can stay health. Many of the young people in the world today and especially those in third world countries don’t have the accurate and correct information about AIDS. In rural areas where the information on the diseases is limited, more youth are engaging in unprotected sex. Research has suggested that the youth can easily receive information on the disease through advertisements Advertisements Entertainment channels such as MTV has noticed that there is information deficiency in the society. Through its music shows featuring the best artistes not only in America but also in Europe, the entertainment channels aim at passing important social issues to its fans. The programs are then broadcasted to countries in Africa and Europe. These programs are needed to develop the penchant for advocacy in the music industry with an objective of political and social motivation. The entertainment channels help the organizations fighting against AIDS to build some sort of cohesion between the facts about the disease and the myths that people believe concerning AIDS (Johnson, 2005). The whole process of representation in songs started in the late 1980s when AIDS in the U. S became a pandemic and the federal government decided to bring the issue of HIV/AIDS to a situation where people must decide and publicly accept the reality about the disease. The songs and the advertisements stations had a role to play and the role at that point in time did not have sufficient knowledge to combat the spread of the disease. VHI for example allocates more of its resources such as time and money to educative materials and talk shows. It uses its extensive radio frequencies to reach and educate most of its fans on the facts about AIDS. VH1 has through its programs such as the ‘legend’ and ‘celeb’ shows, promoted the â€Å"kick out† campaign. The campaign had been founded by the Rogers family to help U. S citizens change their lifestyles and accept the fact that people should abandon form sex still they are married. This program and others including its international channels in more than twenty countries are able to reach a wider population hence are in a position to convince and attract listeners. The amount of space and airtime which is being devoted to the fight against HIV/AIDS has increased in the recent past mainly because of the global concerns which are being addressed by our world leaders including the U. S president who has devoted most of the federal funds to fighting the scourge in third world countries. Today, more often than not, you can see that the radio stations are covering the issue with a certain perspective not just for the matter of reporting. More and more radio stations are analyzing the issue for a positive point of view compared to the past when they only reported statistics (Johnson, 2005). FM and AM stations are now looking at issues such as preventing child-mother transmission, treatment, testing, orphans and vulnerable members of the society etc. These are the real issues that affect the society; not just mentioning which of the artists is riding high in music, what did politicians say about the spread of AIDS in Texas, who pronounced what and such sort of things. Conclusion Entertainment channels such as MTV and VH1have the main players in the fight against the spread of HIV/AIDS. The main aim of using such entertainment and music stations is to reach a majority of the youth who are mostly attracted to the music and programs in these stations. Songs on its part has a role to play especially if they contain the messages which encourage people to protect themselves from the disease. The management of such institutions should therefore promote the culture of teaching members of the public on the dangers of contracting HIV/AIDS through their daily programs. References Emad, R. (2006): Role of journalists: Journalists Speak at 18th Annual National, Managed Health Care Congress, UK Johnson, A. (2005): Fighting AIDS through the Media. New York Press, New York

Reading My Reflections :: essays research papers

Reading My Reflections When I was in fourth grade, my music teacher asked for volunteers to help move folding tables. Of the eight people who raised their hands, I was the only girl. Of the seven people that she chose, I was not one. My nine-year-old world was flipped upside-down by this incident. I was absolutely irate. For the rest of the forty-five minute class, I sat in silence, fuming over the injustice of society. What automatically made a boy stronger than me? In 1792, Mary Wollstonecraft was irate at the notion that men were automatically considered intellectually superior to women. In truth, she was irate at the notion that women were incapable of being intellectual, period. In her essay, "A Vindication of the Rights of Women," she ran down the entire list of the injustices done to women during her time. The list was long and largely accredited to the uneducated lives women led. At a time when the question of whether or not to educate women was very controversial, Wollstonecraft asked, "Consider†¦whether, when men contend for their freedom, and to be allowed to judge for themselves respecting their own happiness, it be not inconsistent and unjust to subjugate women, even though you firmly believe that you are acting in the manner best calculated to promote their happiness? Who made man the exclusive judge†¦?"(Primis, 10) Women were not given the opportunity to decide for themselves, much less decide that they wanted to be educated. Women were expected to trust that the men were truly acting in the best interest of women when deciding upon their education. They were expected to trust men who did not know how it felt to be the lowest on the food chain. They were not autonomous human beings. I know how Wollstonecraft felt. I knew how she felt when I was nine and discriminated against merely, and quite obviously, because I was a girl. I had to accept that someone- someone who did not know my capacities as a human being- was deciding what was "in my best interest." What made a man so much greater than a woman that he should carry all the heavy things and she all the light things? What made a man so much greater than a woman that he should be able to study the great philosophical theories and she study only the knitting and cooking?

English Language problems experienced by overseas students in Australia Essay

International education is of major significance to Australia. The number of oversees students enrolled in Australian higher education institutions rose from 24,998 to 210,397 between 1990 and 2003. Most of the students come from countries where English is learnt as a foreign language. It is noted that in Australia, education is the third largest export service after tourism and transport, therefore, international student are highly valued since they are a source of revenue and improvement on their experience in education is significant in the promotion of positive reputation for Australian institutions. These students need to adjust rapidly and learn English language fast in order to cope both socially and academically. Aims of study The paper aims at investigating the English learning difficulties experienced by oversees students studying in an English language setting in Australia. It also aims at achieving better learning strategies whereby the findings of the study will assist administrators and educators to adopt better strategies for solving the English language learning difficulties of international students in Australia. In summary the paper discusses the findings of previous studies regarding language problems of oversees students. It is concerned with the study about the formation of second language competence and students’ English language experiences after they enter Australia with its principle aim of collecting information that would help the institutions have better plans in meeting the needs and expectations of oversees English students (East, 2001, p. 80). Literature review It is probably no coincidence that at the same time that business and education have become more globalised, and the number of oversees students studying in English language countries have increased, research on the problems and difficulties facing the oversees students has also become intensive and extensive in Australia and elsewhere ( Ballard, 2002, p. 79). Recent studies conducted in Australia identify problems of international students in coping with English, that is, both conversational and academic English. The difficulties are associated with the four macro skills, which are, writing, speaking, listening and reading with clear evidence made by the students themselves whereby Students and staff emphasize that language is a considerable source of difficulties in learning and teaching (Krause, 2001, p. 150). Lack of confidence with English is manifested by the students. They claim not to have clear understanding of their lecturers’ spoken English and are ashamed of their oral performances in the presence of Australian classmates. Research done by Hellsten (2002) found out that inadequate feeling in spoken English hindered many international students from classroom participation. Language proficiency is regarded by students as the one of the main concerns affecting academic performance. In a research conducted by Burns (1991, p. 66), it indicated that more than 50% of the oversees students perceived their English language competencies as very poor, with writing skills ranked as the lowest of the four macro skills followed by listening, speaking and reading respectively. The Australian idiomatic and vocabulary expressions, accent and speed of speaking just complicate the process of communication whereby the oversees students who would have learned English prior to arrival; adjusting to the Australian English, results to further language difficulties. Gaps Most of the studies describing the English language problems of oversees students in Australia are effective but they focus on the symptoms rather than the underlying causes and solutions (Ward, 2004, p. 69). Therefore this study is undertaken to address the expectations of the students and language learning needs and support perceptions. The study will identify areas where information for academic teaching staff and students may need to be supplemented or improved to make sure that students study expectations and support are met, thus the project is undertaken to investigate the two research questions which include: – do the oversees students perceive a need to work on their English language skills in order to cope and succeed academically? , and what kind of language support do the oversees students expect to find and utilize in Australian Universities?. Methodology The research employs use of questionnaires which are filled by 50 international students studying English for academic reasons in Australia. The purpose of the study and the extent of student involvement were explained before the questionnaires were distributed. The nature of the study was voluntary and those who needed to participate were required to provide informed consent. Data analysis Once the completed questionnaires were returned, data was coded and analysed using SPSS whereby graphs and tables were generated and correlation examination done. Findings Regarding the perceived importance of improving English language learning skills, ninety six percent of respondents indicated that the opportunity for English language skills was very significant in their decision to study in Australian institutions. The students were motivated to improve English proficiency with ninety nine percent of the respondents indicating English language skills as very significant in the success of their academic studies whereby the skills were 70% very important in achieving marks within the top one –third of the class in their specific courses. The table below shows the four main language skills which are considered to give students problems while learning English language. The students thought that they needed to improve on them in order to get high marks in their course.

Narrative Telling Act As Entertaining Persuasive - 1481 Words

Garrett Chu Professor Mary Zanfini Expository Writing 101 28 November 2014 Paper 5 Narratives and story-telling act as entertaining, yet persuasive methods of conveying experiences that possess traits related to most people s lives. A common trait shared among people during sessions of story-telling or narratives is trauma. Within stories, conflicts such as trauma attract listeners because intrinsically, people find comfort for themselves in empathizing or sympathizing. Along with vivid imagery, that sense of comfort provided in the story allows for listeners to become more engaged, thus assisting the elucidation of a personal experience. People become so immersed in the story that they actually dissociate themselves from reality, emphasizing the strength of the story s control over the reader. With the introduction of characters involved in conflict through story-telling, Martha Stout makes better sense of their personal experiences. Within Martha Stout s â€Å"When I Woke Up Tuesday Morning, It Was Friday,† she recounts her patients persona l traumatic experiences in the form of story to provide her readers a sharper understanding of what these experiences entail. Similarly, Azar Nafisi recounts her experiences in vivid detail through a narrative. In Nafisi s â€Å"Selections from Reading Lolita in Tehran: A Memoir in Books,† her rough experiences in Tehran become fully pronounced as she describes her conflict with clashing cultures through a series of firsthandShow MoreRelatedEveryone’S Had Their Own Go At How Labour And The Greens1458 Words   |  6 Pagesdetermined on whether we are â€Å"more left† or â€Å"more centre†. For four straight election cycles, Labour has ignored research from the fields of cognitive linguistics and psychology that the most effective way to communicate with other humans is by telling emotional stories. 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No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording or otherwise, without either the prior written permission

Great Awakening Essay - 1441 Words

By the beginning of the 18th century, there was an unmistakable feeling in the American Colonies that its intemperate society had become too comfortable and assertive, and had forgotten its original intentions of religious prosperity. The result was a revitalization of religious piety that swept through the American colonies between the 1730s and the 1770s, a movement known as The Great Awakening. This revival was part of an evangelical upsurge occurring simultaneously in England, Scotland, Germany, and other inhabitants on the other side of the Atlantic. In all these Protestant cultures, a new Age of Faith had arisen contrasting the currents of the Age of Enlightenment, advocating the belief that being truly religious meant relying on†¦show more content†¦Under the Half-Way Covenant, adults who did not have an apparent religious experience could have their children baptized as well, as long as they professed a belief in the basic principles of Reformed Christianity. Despit e not being able to vote on church matters, they were welcomed as partial members of the congregation. This trend of religious leniency would extend through the early 1700’s. Reverend Solomon Stoddard, pastor of the church of Northampton, Massachusetts, insisted that the sacrament of the Lords Supper should have been available to all who lived outwardly pious lives and had a good reputation in the community, disregarding the absence of full membership of the church. He argued that it was both impossible and immoral for any human to distinguish the â€Å"sheep from the goats†, and that consequently, it was best to let God decide. In 1725, his congregation decided to bring in Stoddard’s young grandson, Jonathan Edwards, to assist him. When Stoddard died at age 87, the 24 year old Edwards was elected pastor. Jonathan Edwards sought to return religion to its Calvinistic roots, and reawaken the fear of God in the hearts of sinners. His emotionally charged sermons ev oked terrifying images of the utter corruption of human nature and the terrors awaiting the unrepentant in hell. Edwards was a powerful speaker and attracted a large following. His goal was not only to frightenShow MoreRelatedThe Enlightenment and the Great Awakening.1534 Words   |  7 PagesThe Great Awakening and the Enlightenment were two historical events that shaped the thoughts of people and religion in America. The most important factor in both of these events is the common theme of reason behind the movements. The Great Awakening began about the 1930s and reached its climax ten years later in 1740. What exactly was the Great Awakening? It was a wave of religion revivals sweeping through New England that increased conversions and church membership. 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This awakening was led by many religious figures such as John Wesley - a founder of Methodism in the Church of England, George Whitefi eld - an Anglican who preached throughout the colonies from 1739 to 1740, and Jonathan Edwards - an Apologist of the Great Awakening who led the revival in Northampton, Massachusetts. AlthoughRead MoreThe Second Great Awakening Essay531 Words   |  3 Pages In the 1830s, 1840s, and beyond, There is a Second Great Awakening. The Second Great Awakening had a decided impact on American society. In the following I will describe what the Great Awakening was and how it changed life in America. In essence, the Great Awakening was a religious awakening. It started in the South. Tent camps were set up that revolve around high spirited meetings that would last for days. These camp meetings were highly emotional and multitudes of people were filledRead MoreJonathan Edwards : The Great Awakening1210 Words   |  5 PagesMinna Autry Mrs. Nicki Brewer American Literature 20 November 2015 Title Jonathan Edwards was one of the most famed evangelical preachers in the Age of the Great Awakening. He is best known for his most impactful sermon, â€Å"Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God.† Edwards preached with fury and conviction of the All Great our God. He preached for the wanderers; those lost in their spiritual belief. Edwards uses a wide variety of figurative language and rhetorical techniques to urge unregenerate ChristiansRead MoreThe Great Awakening By Christine Leigh Heyrman1409 Words   |  6 PagesThe Great Awakening A restructuring of religious doctrine, beliefs, and social practices during the 17th and 18th centuries in England, and in North America, infused with Calvinistic religious doctrine initiated the beginning of The Great Awakening. Following this further, according to Christine Leigh Heyrman, The First Great Awakening: Divining America,† a New Age of faith rose to counter the currents of the Age of Enlightenment. Ultimately reaffirming the view that being truly religious meant trustingRead MoreThe First Great Awakening And The Age Of Enlightenment1663 Words   |  7 Pagesreason and depend solely on biblical revelation. During the eighteenth century, a great movement known as the First Great Awakening swept through Protestant Europe and America, leaving a permanent impact on Protestantism. Furthermore, during the First Great Awakening, American colonists gained a deeper sense of personal revelation through the salvation of Jesus Christ. Unlike the Age of Enlightenment, the Great Awakening introduced Christianity into the American colonies as well as reshaping many differentRead MoreThe Great Awakening During The British Colonies2401 Words   |  10 PagesThe First Great Awakening in the British Colonies found its way across the Atlantic Ocean from Europe around 1730-1740s, and it had a profound impact on the course of the colonies, especially during the latter half of the Eighteenth Century, as they became independent from King George III’s tyranny. The Great Awakening was a movement rooted in spiritual growth in which it brought a new national identity that swept through the Puritans in Colonial America. Certain Puritans at time began to disassociate